Implications of using artificial intelligence in educational systems

6. Literature

• Veale, M., & Binns, R. (2017). Fairness and accountability design needs for algorithmic support in high-stakes public sector decision-making. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 388–398.
  
  • Description: Examines the design of AI systems to ensure fairness and accountability in significant decision-making, including educational processes.
    
    
• Mittelstadt, B. D. (2019). Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(11), 501–507.
  
  • Description: Argues that ethical principles are insufficient without legal frameworks for responsible AI use, which is essential for educational systems.
    
    
• Binns, R. (2017). On the fairness of machine learning in education. Communications of the ACM, 63(10), 34–37.
  
  • Description: Addresses equity challenges in applying machine learning in education, emphasising the importance of transparency and human oversight.
    
    
• Kaminski, M. E. (2018). The right to explanation, explained. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 34(1), 189–218.
  
  • Description: Explains the right of users to understand AI system decisions, which is important for transparency in education.
    
    
• European Commission (2024). Artificial Intelligence Act. 
  
  • Description: Official EU law regulating the development and use of AI, emphasising security, transparency and accountability, including in educational systems.
    
    
• Jodi, K. H. M., Zulfadli, M., Azizan, A. S. M., Che Husain, F., & Haridi, N. H. M. (2025). Ethical framework for artificial intelligence in professional practices of higher education lecturers: A systematic review. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 10(57), 194–212.
  
  • Description: This systematic review examines ethical frameworks for the use of artificial intelligence in the professional practice of higher education lecturers, highlighting challenges and recommendations for ethical application.