Developmental Disorders and Mental Health Disorders

10. Depression

Depression is a mental health disorder in which feelings of sadness and apathy become dominant and pervasive, affecting nearly all areas of life by reducing the ability to perform various activities and enjoy life. Symptoms of depression affect mood, emotions, patterns of thought, behavior, and physical functioning.

Typical symptoms of depression include:

• depressed mood

• loss of interest and pleasure in previously enjoyable activities (anhedonia)

• decreased vital energy

• fatigue

• physical symptoms: chest pressure, abdominal discomfort, restlessness, insomnia, digestive and appetite problems

• sleep disturbances: difficulty falling asleep, frequent or early awakening

• poor concentration and forgetfulness

• frequent pessimistic thoughts

• thoughts about the meaning of life and suicide (suicidal ideation)

• reduced self-confidence

• feelings of guilt and worthlessness.

The prevalence of depression in the population ranges from 5 % to 10 %, while the estimated lifetime risk of developing the disorder is 20 % to 30 %. Women are twice as likely to suffer from depression as men.

Depression occurs as a result of an interaction between:

• biological vulnerability (genetic predisposition)

• psychological vulnerability (difficulties coping with stressors, low self-esteem, tendency toward idealization)

• social factors (stressful life events such as job loss and financial difficulties).

Treatment involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy (HZJZ, 2011a).