Modern pedagogical approaches

Modern pedagogical approaches are based on a design in which the teacher is no longer the sole source of knowledge, and the student is no longer a passive recipient of information. Instead of the traditional model of "lecture and reproduction", the emphasis is placed on active student participation, collaboration, critical thinking and self-regulated learning.

The role of the teacher is gradually changing to that of facilitator, mentor and learning designer. The teacher directs, encourages and moderates the learning process, instead of merely transmitting ready-made information. He creates an environment in which students can explore, experiment and draw conclusions. The focus shifts from the question "What will I teach?" to "How will my students learn best?". The teacher becomes a mentor who supports the development of metacognitive and social-emotional skills in students and a facilitator who encourages discussions and teamwork, helping with questions, sub-questions and feedback so that students build new knowledge, establish new connections and successful collaborations in discussions and teamwork with their own original contribution.

Student-centred environments require teachers to understand that students construct their own meanings based on their existing experiences, knowledge, attitudes, and cultural and educational practices. Teachers seek to gain insight into what students know, what their interests are, what each student knows, what is important to them, what they can and want to learn. Assessment is then directed towards considering student engagement and progress, not just the level of knowledge and skills achieved.

At the same time, the student becomes an active participant in the educational process as a researcher, collaborator and creator of knowledge. The student is expected to have greater autonomy, responsibility and initiative. In modern pedagogical approaches in online and hybrid teaching, the student takes an active role in planning his/her time, selecting sources, monitoring progress and self-assessment.

The teaching environment thus becomes a two-way and dynamic space of interaction where students and teachers jointly build knowledge. The teacher's role is to design assignments that encourage inquiry and reflection, while students actively contribute to the learning community through sharing experiences, solving problems and creating digital content.

The goal of changing roles is not only more efficient acquisition of knowledge, but also the development of competences for lifelong learning, critical thinking and independence in new and unpredictable contexts — fundamental features of education in the 21st century.