- Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2020). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4th ed.). Pearson.
The book describes types of AI agents and approaches to intelligent behaviour and learning. - Nilsson, N. J. (2010). The quest for artificial intelligence: A history of ideas and achievements. Cambridge University Press.
Provides a historical overview of the development of AI with a focus on narrow and general intelligence. - IBM (n.d.). Understanding the different types of artificial intelligence. IBM Cloud. Retrieved July 31, 2025.
It explains the three basic types of artificial intelligence: ANI, AGI and ASI. - Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. (2019). A brief history of artificial intelligence: On the past, present, and future of AI. California Management Review, 61(4), 5–14.
The article systematises the historical development and functional division of AI. - Poole, D., & Mackworth, A. (2017). Artificial intelligence: Foundations of computational agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
The textbook considers the characteristics and classification of AI through models of intelligent agents. - Tegmark, M. (2017). Life 3.0: Being human in the age of artificial intelligence. Penguin.
The book presents possible forms of AI in a popular scientific manner and considers levels of intelligence and ethical challenges. - Stanford University. (2016). Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030: One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence: Report of the 2015–2016 Study Panel
The report offers a classification of AI by application (healthcare, education, security) and describes the key characteristics of advanced systems. - Kaplan, A., & Haenlein, M. (2020). Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 63(1), 37–50.
The article discusses the differences between types of AI and highlights the importance of their regulation and understanding. - Marr, B. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Practice: How 50 Successful Companies Used AI and Machine Learning to Solve Problems. Wiley.
It shows practical examples of different types of AI and their key functions in real business systems. - Future of Life Institute. (n.d.). Artificial Intelligence: What it is and why it matters.
A brief overview of the benefits and risks of AI and the basic division into functional types, with examples, is provided.
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