Traditional and contemporary pedagogical approaches

In his book, Lonka (2020) emphasizes the need to move away from the current traditional teaching methods by actively engaging students through group discussions, interesting cases and similar activities. He identifies two forms of learning, which are outlined below.

Problem-based learning typically begins with an authentic or engaging case that students are unable to solve using their existing knowledge. This gap encourages them to acquire new knowledge through independent inquiry and investigation. In this process, students learn relevant facts as well as principles of reasoning related to the case. Problem-based learning is widely used in medicine and the health sciences, and research indicates that it fosters deep learning and the development of clinical thinking.

Project-based learning, which is commonly applied in vocational education, focuses on learning aligned with workplace requirements. In this approach, projects are often carried out in companies or other real-world settings outside educational institutions.

These two approaches to learning and the associated teaching strategies will be discussed in greater detail in the following sections.