2. Conclusion
Examples from Ireland, Spain and Finland show that developing digital competences requires a combination of self-confidence, structured frameworks and inclusive pedagogy. From a teacher's perspective, projects like All Aboard! emphasise the importance of a sense of security and motivation in the use of technology, while MCDDU offers a concrete framework with examples by discipline, making it easier for teachers to connect digital skills to their own teaching practice. The Digi Teachers program additionally shows how digital tools can help differentiate and adapt teaching to the different needs of students. For teachers, this means continuous training and an active search for new approaches in which digital technologies support better and more inclusive teaching.
From the perspective of a higher education institution, such projects confirm the importance of strategic investment in the professional development of teachers and the building of an institutional culture that values digital competences. Using frameworks such as DigCompEdu or MCDDU ensures systematic and measurable progress, while initiatives such as All Aboard! and Digi Teachers show how shared resources, training and mentoring strengthen digital transformation at the institution-wide level. In this way, the higher education institution not only improves the quality of teaching and student experience but also strengthens its own resilience and competitiveness in the European higher education area.
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