Role of Self-Assessment in Developing Self-Regulation

Self-assessment in the online environment: Students learning in an online environment (or in distance education more broadly) often have difficulties recognizing their own mistakes and weaknesses because they lack immediate feedback from instructors and peers. The reasons include limited opportunities for social comparison, reduced self-reflection, and fewer chances to verbally articulate their understanding. (Radović et al., 2023).

Electronic learning journals: Increased metacognition and motivation have been confirmed as outcomes of keeping reflective journals (Ramadhanti et al., 2020).

Problem-based learning (PBL): The combination of self-assessment and feedback enhances self-regulation among medical students (Beck, 2025).

Tools based on large language models (LLM tools): The use of large language models supports students’ reflection and metacognitive thinking (Kumar et al., 2024). In higher education, tools such as ChatGPT, Copilot, and Gemini are widely used for self-assessment, as well as specialised platforms that prompt students to reflect on their own work (essays, programmes, projects, etc.), including FeedbackFruits, EduGPT, and LearnAI.